After the completion of the second national soil census mission, formula fertilization has been widely carried out throughout the country. It is a major reform in fertilization technology in China. The country has also made formula fertilization the key promotion project for agricultural science and technology during the “July and 5th†period. In 1987, 17 counties across the country promoted formula fertilization, covering an area of ​​400 million mu, and achieved significant results in increasing agricultural production, saving fertilizer, and increasing income. According to the statistics of 20 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), the increase in output of various crops is generally 8 to 15%, and that of the highest is more than 20%. The net income per mu increases by 10 to 15 yuan, and the higher ones reach 30 or more yuan. According to rough calculations, in 1987, the grain yield increased by approximately 7.94 billion kilograms, 225 million kilograms of oil, 5,200 kilograms of cotton, and increased net income by 300 million yuan due to the promotion of formula fertilization. In Shanxi Province in 1987, 11 million mu of formula fertilization was promoted, of which 3 million mu were optimized for formula fertilization, 420,000 tons of grain was increased, 7,200 tons of lint was used, and the total benefit was 150 million yuan. With the steady development of agricultural production, the increasing amount of chemical fertilizers, and the development of formula fertilization from the initial simple application of nitrogen and phosphorus to the development of soil nutrient content through the soil tester for more reasonable nutrient collocation, making fertilization more scientific , More economical, which requires the necessary discussion of the application of soil test items and test data, so that the technology can be promoted quickly and economically. Table 1 Soil Nutrient Variations Soil organic matter content in soil slopes is 1% of the plots. For wheat, it can meet the demand for 100 kg (Jinzhong area) to 125 kg (Jinnan area) production, and the organic matter content is 1.5% of the plots. It can meet the demand of 175 kg (Jinzhong area) to 200 kg (in Jinnan area), and the part that meets the target yield is supplemented by fertilization. Judging from the information available in recent years, the total content of organic matter in cultivated soil in Shanxi Province is about 1%, and there are less than 1.5% of the plots (more than 1.5% of vegetable garden slopes). Therefore, the vast majority of soil nitrogen supply can not meet the target production surplus, and different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied. For a village, due to the small coefficient of variation of organic matter content and small differences between plots, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer calculated to achieve a certain level of self-regulation production surplus is mostly within a certain range. Table 2 Conversion Factor for Phosphorus Determination of Soil Phosphorus 3.3. Test of Soil Potassium Supply and Application of Measured Value Soil potassium supply is based on the determination of available potassium (K or K2O) and is multiplied by a conversion factor (usually 0.5). From Table 1, it can be seen that the coefficient of variation of soil available K content is larger than that of organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkaline dissolved nitrogen, but it is much smaller than that of available P. Shanxi soil is mostly loess parent material, and available K in soil (K ) High in content, most of which is above 100ug/g, which can meet the demand of more than 350kg of wheat output, plus the habit of applying farmyard fertilizer in rural areas, so for the field grain crops (such as corn, wheat, sorghum, Millet, etc.) generally meet the needs of the target emblem, but for sandy soil and high-yield plots, or crops containing more potassium (eg, potatoes, watermelons, fruit trees, root vegetables, fruit vegetables, etc.) You need to add the right amount of potash. Therefore, when formulating fertilization by soil testing, in order to reduce the amount of work, sampling and measurement can be targeted, and the representative soil of the soil can be used to determine the soil texture. The representative area of ​​the sample can be larger. However, in recent years, it has also been found that some rural households are not willing to spend time on farm plots and are uneconomical in terms of time. They would rather simply spend more money on chemical fertilizers, and thus the input of agricultural fertilizers will be reduced. If long-term inevitably consume a large number of effective potassium in the soil, we must pay attention to it. Therefore, promoting the return of straw and applying organic fertilizer is the fundamental measure for fertilizing the soil. Conveyor Components,Conveyor Guide Idler,Conveyor Steel Roller,Conveyor Rollers Components Hebei Tongxiang Conveyor Machinery Co.,Ltd , https://www.hbtxroller.com
1. Benefits of fertilizer investment in current agricultural production With the development of agricultural production and the further implementation of the household contract production system, the enthusiasm of farmers' production has been greatly increased, and investment in agricultural production has also increased substantially. This has resulted in agricultural production in recent years. The steady development has played an active role, but through further investigation, it has also been found that some investments (mainly investment in fertilizers) have great blindness and there is a phenomenon of “one size fits allâ€. In many regions, regardless of the level of production, the level of soil fertility, and the differences in production conditions, the same fertilization model is used. For example, in wheat production, regardless of dry land or water, high-fertility plots or plots with low fertility, old buckwheat or back buckwheat, are uniformly designated at the time of sowing with 100 kg of carbon and 100 kg of superphosphate. Even proposed two hundred pounds of fertilization quota. This fertilization measure is undoubtedly necessary for some plots; however, there are unreasonable phenomena for other plots. According to the survey conducted in the past two years, in the current wheat production, the average investment for chemical fertilizer is as early as 30 to 40 yuan, and the average water area is between 50 and 50 yuan, and some are even higher. If we add hydropower, machine farming, machine seeding, and mechanical harvesting, the mu investment will be more than 100 yuan, accounting for about one-third of the mu income, and some as high as one-half, with an output ratio of only 2:1 to 3 :1. The increase in agricultural investment and the reduction in net income partly hurt the enthusiasm of farmers' production. Therefore, under the premise of ensuring that the yields are not affected, reduce unnecessary investment or put fertilizer into plots that need to be fertilized, and increase the economic efficiency of investment, which is undoubtedly desirable for certain areas or certain plots. The production cost is actually increasing income.
2. Soil testing and fertilization are imperative Currently, there are two main methods for formula fertilization: one for the nutrient balance method and the other for the fertilizer effect function method. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of the fertilizer effect function method is that it can objectively reflect the comprehensive effects of various factors affecting fertilizer efficiency, with high accuracy and good feedback. The disadvantage is that it can only be promoted in the areas similar to the conditions of the test site, so the limitations of the region are large, and due to the continuous changes in soil fertility, the results of its application of the timeliness is not long. The principle of nutrient balance is simple and easy to understand, and it is easily accepted by grass-roots scientists and peasants. The amount of soil fertilizer in this method. Fertilizer utilization and planned production can all be obtained through field trials of a certain scale, with ready-made data available and a wide range of applications. As long as the nutrient determination is carried out on different fertility plots, fertilizer recommendations can be made. However, this method is more extensive. This article mainly discusses the nutrient balance method.
With the steady development of agricultural production, farmers in recent years have demanded that fertilization be more scientific and reasonable. It is proposed to measure soil nutrients in order to distribute the formula more scientifically. In recent years, various "specialized fertilizers" have appeared in different parts of the country. The proportions and proportions of nutrients in these "specialized fertilizers" are mainly produced according to the nutritive characteristics of various crops. Its appearance has broken the blindness of crops in the past. The traditional experience of fertilization has played a positive role in production. However, the magnitude of the response of various crops to various fertilizers depends not only on the nutritional characteristics of the crop itself, but also to a large extent on the fertility of the soil and the soil, the balance of various nutrients in the soil, and especially effective in the soil. The amount of nutrients depends on the amount. Therefore, the same fertilizer showed an increase in production on the A plot, and there may be no effect or fertilizer effect on the B plot. This is often encountered in agricultural production. In 1990, we conducted a wheat fertilizer experiment. The soil organic matter content was 1.6%, total nitrogen content was 0.072%, effective phosphorus (P) content was 11.12 Pg/g, and effective potassium (k) content was 134.ug/s. As a result of the test, 263.4 kg of wheat was produced in the control area (without fertilizer application), 265.9 kg per mu was applied in the phosphate fertilizer area (57.5 kg of superphosphate), and 349.2 kg was produced in the single nitrogen fertilizer area (33.3 kg of mu was applied). The area of ​​nitrogen and phosphorus application was 352.5 kg per mu. The results showed that the application of phosphate fertilizer in the plot was ineffective, and the input of phosphate fertilizer was unnecessary, as long as a single application of nitrogen fertilizer was on the line, so that investment in acres could be reduced by about 15 yuan. Plots like this are currently not individual. According to the survey, in areas with high production levels, there is still a considerable area. Therefore, conducting soil tests and properly matching various fertilizers according to local conditions will greatly increase the economic efficiency of investment in rhyme, and increase production and income. In 1989, a farmer in Chengjiazhuang Village, Chengguan Town, Taigu County had a piece of corn to grow. In the plot, after soil testing, the organic matter content of the plot was 1.96%, the available phosphorus (P) was 18.82 kg and the effective potassium (k) was 129.505/g, and 600 mu of corn was planned to be produced per mu. For comparison, half of the land was tested by soil. The value of fertilization (25 kilos of nitric acid applied, phosphate fertilizer is not applied), the other half of the land according to the owner of the original plan fertilization amount of fertilizer (mise nitrate by 40 kg, phosphorus is not applied), when the harvest, the two mu are 6 " Kilograms, but the application of fertilizer and nitrification by the application of 15 kilograms less.Therefore, the implementation of soil testing and fertilization is a major measure for the economic and effective use of fertilizer, has been gradually recognized by the majority of grassroots cadres and farmers.
3. Application of soil test and value determination in formula fertilization Under the current contract responsibility system based on farmer households, there are certain differences in crop planting systems, fertilizer types, and fertilization quantities among farmers, which results in plots. The difference in fertility also brings certain difficulties for soil testing and formula fertilization. It is impossible to carry out soil nutrient determination for every plot in the promotion of formula fertilization. According to the current actual situation, a representative plot can be selected for soil nutrient determination in a village within a certain area (such as around 100 acres) where soil fertility level, crop yield, crop planting system, and fertilization level are relatively close to each other. , According to the results of the determination to guide the formula fertilization within this area, this will not only greatly reduce the workload of soil testing, but also can be avoided. “Formula†fertilization was used to develop soil slope test items with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as the main contents. In recent years, some of the soil nutrient test data of Lijiao we have collated are listed in Table 1 for analysis.
3.1. Test of soil nitrogen supply and application of measured value The amount of soil nutrient supply depends on the determination of nutrient content. Local practices are different, some are based on organic matter, and some are based on total nitrogen. The hydrolysis of nitrogen content prevails. It can be seen from Table 1 that whether the analysis is based on the village, rural area or county, the variation coefficients of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are mostly in the range of 10-20%, and the coefficient of variation in Pingchuan is smaller. In the hilly area (Taicang Village), the coefficient of variation is larger, but it is far less than the coefficient of variation of the available phosphorus content. Many sources have pointed out that there is a significant positive correlation between soil organic matter content and total nitrogen content, so it is sufficient to determine both. Under certain natural climatic conditions, there is a certain C/N ratio in the soil. For example, the ratio of C/N in the soil of Shanxi Jinzhong is about 10/1, and that in Yuncheng is about 9/1. Since the procedure for determination of soil organic matter is far simpler than that of total nitrogen determination, and the determination of hydrolyzable nitrogen is also more time consuming than organic matter, it can be determined based on the content of soil organic matter, converted to total nitrogen by the measured value of organic matter, and then based on the mineral nitrogen of the soil. The rate is used to estimate the amount of nitrogen supplied to the soil (the rate of nitrogen mineralization in Shanxi Province is calculated from 3 to 5%). Due to the small coefficient of variation of the organic matter content, the representative area of ​​the organic matter sample can be appropriately enlarged in order to reduce the workload of soil testing. 
3.2. Testing of Soil Phosphorus Supply and Application of Measurement Values ​​The supply of earth slope tablets is based on the determination of available phosphorus (p) or (P2O5), and then the conversion factor can be used to estimate the amount of phosphorus supply. Because soil slopes have buffering properties, any measured value can only represent the relative content. At the same time, the measured part may not be entirely absorbed by the crops, and some crops that are not sided can also be absorbed. Therefore, the crops absorb nutrients. The amount can be smaller than the measured value or larger than the measured value. Therefore, it is necessary to find the relationship between the actual absorption and the measured value. This is the "conversion factor" (or "correction factor"). Visible conversion factor can be greater than 1, can also be less than 1. Many sources point out that the conversion factor of phosphorus is not a constant, it is a curve that declines with the increase of the measured value of soil. Therefore, according to different lateral values ​​multiplied by the corresponding conversion factor, according to our experience in soil testing and formula fertilization in recent years, in terms of maize and wheat, the conversion factor of phosphorus is listed in Table 2 as can be seen from Table 1. Regardless of the analysis of villages, townships, and counties, the coefficient of variation of available phosphorus content in the soil is very large, most of which is more than 40%, and the hilly area is larger, more than 85% (Taigu Village). Therefore, the representative area of ​​soil available phosphorus samples should be smaller, preferably in the range of 50 acres, the maximum should not exceed 100 acres. From the measured value of available phosphorus content, the difference between plots is very large, some are extremely scarce, and some are very rich without the need for applying phosphate fertilizer. Therefore, soil testing and formula fertilization should focus on the determination of available phosphorus, to determine whether the application of phosphate fertilizer and the amount of application. Judging from the information available in recent years, there are some plots (mainly in areas with high production levels) in Shanxi Province where the available phosphorus is rich in t, and it is not necessary to use phosphate fertilizer or apply a small amount of “maintenance†to it, or every other year. The application of phosphate fertilizer does not require the use of 100 kg of superphosphate per quarter every year, which greatly saves fertilizer investment. Soil available phosphorus (p) is measured at a land mass of 10 μg/g, which can meet the demand for 250-275 kg of wheat production. In the field below the target yield, no phosphorus fertilizer or 25 kg can be applied. The over-phosphorus adversary calcium was used as the "maintenance" fertilization and the second available phosphorus (p) at a land mass of 15 ug/g to meet the needs of about 325 kg of production, and the effective phosphorus (p) at 20 ug/g could be obtained. Meet the demand for 425-450 kg output. Judging from the available data, the soil with available P (P) above 10 ug/s is not a small number. Therefore, how to use P fertilizer reasonably is no longer as effective as any soil in the early 1970s. Yields, and specific analysis of specific sites is required. Of course, there are still a large number of areas in Shanxi that have not yet been widely promoted in terms of phosphate fertilizer. These areas are mainly in remote mountainous regions where production levels are relatively poor. This can also be used to test farmers through soil tests and use numbers to educate farmers and promote the application of phosphate fertilizers. Therefore, whether it is necessary to supplement phosphate fertilizer and its dosage in formula fertilization is the key point in soil testing. It has a great influence on the reasonable investment in farmer's production cost and the economic benefits of fertilizer. 
3.4. About micronutrient issues The cost of testing micronutrients is too large to be implemented on a large scale. For most crops, the effective content of micronutrients in the soil of Wangxi needs only to be classified as “deficient†and “not missingâ€. Those who do not need to use do not need to be used, and those who are lacking, as long as the large-basin nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are reasonably matched, the use of trace element fertilizers for soaking, seed dressing, or spraying is very inexpensive and easy to accept for the majority of farmers. . For certain diseases such as cash crops, fruit trees, etc. due to the lack of certain micronutrients, they can be sampled and analyzed in a targeted manner to identify the cause and prescribe the right medicine. Therefore, micronutrients need not be tested under normal circumstances to save money.
With the development of agricultural production, farmers are also easy to accept science and technology and put forward higher requirements. Formula fertilization in side soil will gradually be developed in rural areas and will be developed in depth, becoming a regular measure to guide rational fertilization, and Constantly improve and improve.